Inverse problems in space research

This talk is divided into two parts. In the first part, we introduce the theory of inverse problems and present some methods: regularization technique (operators, variational methods and artificial neural networks). In the second part, we present and discuss some inverse problems arising in different fields of space research: space science (maps of cosmic background radiation, magneto-teluric inversion), space engineering (damage identification in aerospace structures), oceanography (ocean optical properties), and meteorology (atmospheric temperature and humidity from satellite data).